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ПРОТИВОТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА

Туберкулез вызывает внутриклеточная кислотоустойчивая бацилла - ми-кобактерия туберкулеза (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Фармакотерапия туберкулеза представляет значительную сложность, так как широко распространены штаммы микобактерий, резистентные ко многим препаратам. Заболевание протекает хронически и требует длительного (от 6 мес до 1 года) приема комбинаций лекарственных средств. В связи с этим особое значение приобретает проблема их побочного действия. Противотуберкулезные средства классифицируют по терапевтической эффективности.

► I группа: наиболее эффективные средства - изониазид, рифампицин, фторхинолоны (ломефлоксацин, левофлоксацин, спарфлоксацин).

► II группа: средства со средней эффективностью - стрептомицин, кана-мицин, капреомицин, циклосерин, этамбутол, пиразинамид, этионамид, протионамид.

► III группа - средства с умеренной эффективностью: аминосалициловая кислота.

В клинической практике выделяют основные (I ряд) средства для лечения туберкулеза (изониазид, рифампицин, стрептомицин, этамбутол, пиразинамид) и резервные (II ряд) средства (канамицин, капреомицин, циклосерин, фтор-хинолоны, этионамид, протионамид, аминосалициловая кислота). Комбинации основных средств назначают всем больным туберкулезом. Резервные средства добавляют при полирезистентных к химиотерапии формах туберкулеза. Фармакокинетика противотуберкулезных средств представлена в табл. 78.1.

Гидразид изоникотиновой кислоты изониазид включают в терапию всех больных туберкулезом, если штаммы микобактерий чувствительны, и препарат удовлетворительно переносится. Применяют во фтизиатрии с 1952 г.

В цитоплазме микобактерий изониазид окисляется каталазой-перокси-дазой с образованием свободного радикала. Он ингибирует еноил-(ацил-переносящий белок)-редуктазу жирных кислот II - фермент синтеза миколо-вых кислот1 в клеточной стенке. Свободнорадикальный метаболит изониазида нейтрализуется алкилгидропероксидредуктазой. Селективное действие на ми-кобактерии обусловлено отсутствием миколовых кислот в клетках человека и у других микроорганизмов. У микобактерий с приобретенной резистентностью нарушается преобразование изониазида в свободный радикал, ускоряется его инактивация, миколовые кислоты синтезируются в альтернативных метаболических путях.

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