Chapter 1. History of neurosurgery

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classassd=tb-ISBN9785970473122-0010-0001-ISBN9785970473122-0010-0001473122-0010-00013122-0010-000122-0010-0001.1. Motor programming. Motor programming Motor programmingclasslassrse of evolution, motor reactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.e of evolution, motor reactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.evolution, motor reactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.olution, motor reactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.ution, motor reactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.n, motor reactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc. motor reactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.or reactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc. reactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.eactions have significantly progressed: from the movement of protoplasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.plasmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.asmic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.mic pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.pseudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.eudopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.dopods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.opods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.ods, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.s, fins, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.s, wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc. wings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.ings to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.ngs to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.s to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.to complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc. complex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.omplex movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.x movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.movements of mammals and humans, including locomotion, manipulation, facial expressions, gestures, speech, writing, etc.stures, speech, writing, etc.ures, speech, writing, etc.es, speech, writing, etc., speech, writing, etc.ech, writing, etc.h, writing, etc. writing, etc.eory, movement acts as an external link of self-regulation in functional systems of nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.ry, movement acts as an external link of self-regulation in functional systems of nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work., movement acts as an external link of self-regulation in functional systems of nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.movement acts as an external link of self-regulation in functional systems of nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.ment acts as an external link of self-regulation in functional systems of nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.nt acts as an external link of self-regulation in functional systems of nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.cts as an external link of self-regulation in functional systems of nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.s as an external link of self-regulation in functional systems of nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.as an external link of self-regulation in functional systems of nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.trition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.ition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.ion, maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work. maintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.aintenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.ntenance of osmotic pressure, and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.and thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.d thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.thermoregulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.regulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.gulation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.lation. At the same time, motor action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.r action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.action has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.tion has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.on has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work. has a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work.as a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work. a systemic structure, as a part of the general architectonics of purposeful activity at the stage of efferent synthesis, when the future action is already set as a central process but is not yet implemented in the muscle work. not yet implemented in the muscle work.ot yet implemented in the muscle work. yet implemented in the muscle work.et implemented in the muscle work.plemented in the muscle work.emented in the muscle work.ented in the muscle work.nt synthesis synthesisynthesisthesisismed under the influence of the afferent synthesis processes, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.d under the influence of the afferent synthesis processes, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.under the influence of the afferent synthesis processes, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.r the influence of the afferent synthesis processes, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.the influence of the afferent synthesis processes, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.e influence of the afferent synthesis processes, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.is processes, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions. processes, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.rocesses, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.es, decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions., decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.decision-making, and anticipation of a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.f a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.a useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.useful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.eful result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.ul result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions. result - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.esult - the acceptor stage of action results. At the stage of efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.f efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.efferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.ferent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.rent synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.synthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.nthesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.hesis, the issues of creating an adequate action program and developing ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.ping ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.ng ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions. ways to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.ays to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.to implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions. implement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.lement it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.ment it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.nt it at the level of the executive mechanisms in each functional system are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.are solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.e solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.solved. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.ed. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.. The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.The most important component of executive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.tive programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions.ve programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. The movements themselves are accompanied by autonomic and endocrine reactions. programs is a variety of movements - setting a pose, moving the body in space, maintaining body parts in a fixed position, manipulations. 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Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.erent synthesis is the temporary organization of excitation and inhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.ent synthesis is the temporary organization of excitation and inhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.synthesis is the temporary organization of excitation and inhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.nthesis is the temporary organization of excitation and inhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.hesis is the temporary organization of excitation and inhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.tation and inhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.tion and inhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.on and inhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity. inhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.nhibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.ibition processes in the CNS, addressed to muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.muscles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.scles, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.les, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.s, glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity. glands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.lands, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.nds, and other tissues. Efferent synthesis ends with the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity. the formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.he formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity. formation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.ormation of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.ion of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.n of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.of a general effector integral, which includes somatic, autonomic, and endocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.ndocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.ocrine components of holistic behavioral activity.rine components of holistic behavioral activity.ne components of holistic behavioral activity.omponents of holistic behavioral activity.ponents of holistic behavioral activity.nts of holistic behavioral activity.s of holistic behavioral activity.of holistic behavioral activity.b>Flexibility of effector functionsFlexibility of effector functionsexibility of effector functionsility of effector functionsity of effector functionsy of effector functionslassssxtspiration, blood circulation, digestion, excretion, and others -may be involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.iration, blood circulation, digestion, excretion, and others -may be involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ation, blood circulation, digestion, excretion, and others -may be involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ion, blood circulation, digestion, excretion, and others -may be involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.n, blood circulation, digestion, excretion, and others -may be involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. blood circulation, digestion, excretion, and others -may be involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.lood circulation, digestion, excretion, and others -may be involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.y be involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.be involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. involved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.nvolved in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ed in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. in different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.n different functional systems as executive mechanisms. For example, heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity., heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.heart activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.art activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.t activity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.tivity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.vity supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. supports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.upports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ports the proper blood pressure, constancy of blood gas composition, and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.and osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.d osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.osmotic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.tic pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.c pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.pressure. The choice of executive mechanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.echanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.hanisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.nisms in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.in a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. a specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. specific functional system is carried out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ied out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.d out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.out with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.t with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.with the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.th the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. the participation of memory mechanisms - the experience of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ence of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ce of using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. using various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.sing various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ng various physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.arious physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ious physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. physiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.hysiological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.siological functions in a similar situation in the past. Necessary information is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.rmation is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ation is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ion is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.is extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. extracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.xtracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.tracted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.acted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ted from memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.om memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. memory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.emory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.mory with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ry with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. with the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.ith the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.h the participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. participation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity.articipation of dominant motivation and environmental factors. The processes of efferent synthesis are constantly dynamically rearranged under the control of reverse afferentation from the results of behavioral activity. activity.ctivity.ivity.ity.e activitytivityvityb> classasses posture, locomotion (walking, running, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement. posture, locomotion (walking, running, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.osture, locomotion (walking, running, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.ture, locomotion (walking, running, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.e, locomotion (walking, running, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement. locomotion (walking, running, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.ng, running, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement., running, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.running, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.ning, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.ng, swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement., swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.swimming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.imming); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.); communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement. communication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.ommunication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.nication (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.cation (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.tion (writing, speech, gestures, mimicry); manipulation (handling objects). Motor functions are realized by three main processes: maintaining the muscle tone, establishing an adequate posture, and performing a specific voluntary movement.he structure of the "motor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers. structure of the "motor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.tructure of the "motor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.ucture of the "motor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.ture of the "motor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.re of the "motor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers. of the "motor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.the "motor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.e "motor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.tor neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.or neuron-muscle fiber" has been termed a motor unit. The number of muscle fibers combined into motor units can be different (Fig. 7.1). In the external eye muscles, one motor neuron innervates 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers. 3-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.-4 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers. muscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.uscle fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers. fibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.ibers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.ers (innervation index 1:3), and in the latissimus dorsi - up to 300 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.0 muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.muscle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.scle fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.le fibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.ibers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.ers (innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.(innervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.nnervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.ervation index 1:300). The more precise is the movement performed by the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.y the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.the muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.e muscle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.scle, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.le, the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers., the more motor units it contains. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers. There are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.here are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.re are three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers. three types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.hree types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.ee types of motor units: S - slow, fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.fatigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.tigue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.gue-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.e-resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.resistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.sistant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.stant, and consisting of type I muscle fibers; FF - fast, fatiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.tiguable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.guable, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.able, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.le, consisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.onsisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.sisting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.sting of type IIB muscle fibers; FR - fast, fatigue-resistant, consisting of type IIA fibers.isting of type IIA fibers.ting of type IIA fibers.ng of type IIA fibers. of type IIA fibers.type IIA fibers.pe IIA fibers.IA fibers. fibers.ibers.lassssxtmotor unit is called a muscle unit. The fibers of each muscle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.tor unit is called a muscle unit. The fibers of each muscle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.r unit is called a muscle unit. The fibers of each muscle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA. is called a muscle unit. The fibers of each muscle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.s called a muscle unit. The fibers of each muscle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.called a muscle unit. The fibers of each muscle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.ach muscle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.h muscle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.muscle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.scle unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.le unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA. unit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.nit belong to the same histochemical type: I, IIB, IIA.IIA.A.>p classengaged in muscle tone: of the muscle spindle, tendon organs, as well as receptors located in the articular membrane.gaged in muscle tone: of the muscle spindle, tendon organs, as well as receptors located in the articular membrane.ged in muscle tone: of the muscle spindle, tendon organs, as well as receptors located in the articular membrane. muscle tone: of the muscle spindle, tendon organs, as well as receptors located in the articular membrane.uscle tone: of the muscle spindle, tendon organs, as well as receptors located in the articular membrane.cle tone: of the muscle spindle, tendon organs, as well as receptors located in the articular membrane.rgans, as well as receptors located in the articular membrane.ans, as well as receptors located in the articular membrane.s, as well as receptors located in the articular membrane. as well as receptors located in the articular membrane.s well as receptors located in the articular membrane.well as receptors located in the articular membrane.ll as receptors located in the articular membrane.classasss">Muscle spindles consist of a connective tissue capsule with intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.scle spindles consist of a connective tissue capsule with intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase. spindles consist of a connective tissue capsule with intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.pindles consist of a connective tissue capsule with intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.les consist of a connective tissue capsule with intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.s consist of a connective tissue capsule with intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.consist of a connective tissue capsule with intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.enclosed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.closed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.osed in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase. in it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.n it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.it, where the processes of γ-motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.motor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.tor neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.r neurons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.ons are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.s are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.are attached (Fig. 7.2). The length of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase. of a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.f a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.a muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.muscle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.scle spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.le spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase. spindle is on average 10 mm, and the diameter is about 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.out 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.t 100 microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase. microns. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.icrons. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.rons. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.. There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.There are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.e are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.are two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.e two types of sensory endings in the spindles: afferents of group Ia with a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.ith a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.h a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.a conduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.nduction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.uction velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.tion velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.ion velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.n velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.velocity up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.ty up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase. up to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.p to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase. to 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.o 120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.120 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.0 m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.m/s and group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.nd group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase. group II with a velocity up to 70 m/s. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase. These sensory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.nsory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.ory endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.y endings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.dings are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.ngs are classified as stretching receptors. The more spindles a muscle contains, the more delicate and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.and accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.nd accurate are the performed movements. Muscle spindles are attached to a muscle tendon at one end, and to a muscle fascia at the other end, i.e., parallel to the operating (extrafusal) muscle fibers. The motor function of muscle spindles is also provided by two types of nerve fibers: static γ-efferents ending on each nuclear bag fiber and excited under static loads, and dynamic γ - efferents ending on nuclear chain fibers, which are excited under dynamic loads. When the dynamic γ-motor neuron is activated, the dynamic responses of group Ia afferents secondarily increase, and when the static γ-motor neuron is activated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.tivated, the static responses of both groups - Ia and II - increase.-start"> tart"> rt"> "> <70473122-0001.html473122-0001.html3122-0001.htmlior.studentlibrary.ru/patrns/book_read/to_start_book.pngr.studentlibrary.ru/patrns/book_read/to_start_book.pngstudentlibrary.ru/patrns/book_read/to_start_book.pngudentlibrary.ru/patrns/book_read/to_start_book.pngentlibrary.ru/patrns/book_read/to_start_book.png первую страницу�ервую страницу�вую страницу�ую страницустраницутраницураницу/a>

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