Preface to the first edition (2008)

div class="wrap-content-read table-responsive">v class="wrap-content-read table-responsive">class="wrap-content-read table-responsive">ass="wrap-content-read table-responsive">s="wrap-content-read table-responsive">="tb-sticker-stickerkerr">This textbook is an extensive work thoroughly elucidating basic and applied (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.pan class="">This textbook is an extensive work thoroughly elucidating basic and applied (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.n class="">This textbook is an extensive work thoroughly elucidating basic and applied (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.ass="">This textbook is an extensive work thoroughly elucidating basic and applied (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.s="">This textbook is an extensive work thoroughly elucidating basic and applied (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.>This textbook is an extensive work thoroughly elucidating basic and applied (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.his textbook is an extensive work thoroughly elucidating basic and applied (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.s textbook is an extensive work thoroughly elucidating basic and applied (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.ied (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.d (clinical) aspects of modern immunology.(clinical) aspects of modern immunology.nical) aspects of modern immunology.cal) aspects of modern immunology.l) aspects of modern immunology.pan>n>"">Incredible progress is being made in immunology, one of the major medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.>Incredible progress is being made in immunology, one of the major medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ncredible progress is being made in immunology, one of the major medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.redible progress is being made in immunology, one of the major medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.dible progress is being made in immunology, one of the major medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ble progress is being made in immunology, one of the major medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.e progress is being made in immunology, one of the major medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ajor medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.or medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology. medical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.edical-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.l-biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.biological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ological disciplines. This progress is due to the specific nature of the immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.e immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.immune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.mune processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ne processes involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.rocesses involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.cesses involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.es involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology. involved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.nvolved in virtually all physiological and pathological events in genes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.nes, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.s, molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology. molecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ecules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ules, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.es, cells, tissues, and organs of the human organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.an organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology. organism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.rganism. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.m. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology. The complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.he complexity of immunological processes is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.is kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology. kept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ept in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.t in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.in balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology. balance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.alance by an "immunological orchestra" which maintains and defends the life of multicellular organisms inhabiting the Earth. In human beings polymorphism of immune response genes, including the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.stocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ocompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ompatibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ibility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ility Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. Therefore the developments in modern immunology are of great importance for the progress of many (if not all) areas of medicine and biology.ity Complex (MHC), is the highest in comparison to other biological species. This polymorphism, in particular, provided selective advantages in Homo sapiens evolution and increased chances for survival and protection against both external (infections and allergens) and internal (mutations, malignant transformation and other genetic modifications) threats. 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Сердечно-сосудистая система вовлекается в распространенные и потенциально опасные болезни; наибольшее значение имеет болезнь коронарных артерий - ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС), которая служит причиной стенокардии (грудной жабы), ОИМ и застойной СН. С другой стороны, многие несердечные болезни протекают с кардиоваскулярными симптомами - тахикардией, низким АД и избыточной задержкой жидкости в циркуляторном русле.

Врачу очень важно уметь правильно вести беседу с больными (задавать необходимые и своевременные вопросы) и объективно обследовать сердечно-сосудистую систему. Из инструментальных методов наибольшее значение имеют два - рентгенография грудной клетки и регистрация ЭКГ.

СИМПТОМЫ

Симптомами различных серьезных заболеваний являются боль в грудной клетке, одышка, отеки вокруг голеностопных суставов и сердцебиение.

Боль в груди

Это наиболее часто встречающийся и вызывающий тревогу у пациентов симптом. Вместе с тем этот симптом не всегда обусловлен патологическими изменениями в сердце (табл. 6.1).

Таблица 6.1. Частые и важные причины боли в груди

При стабильной стенокардии суженные коронарные артерии доставляют миокарду достаточно кислорода, если отсутствует физическая нагрузка;

потребность сердца в кислороде возрастает, когда пациент движется или выполняет физическую работу; недостаточная доставка кислорода вызывает ишемию миокарда. Боль, регулярно возникающая при физической нагрузке, предсказуема, поэтому такая форма стенокардии называется стабильной. Стабильная стенокардия возникает и при других обстоятельствах, например при анемии (вследствие уменьшения кислородной емкости крови) (рис. 6.1) или тиреотоксикозе (повышении потребности ткани в кислороде). Нестабильная стенокардия обусловлена формированием на пораженной артериальной стенке тромба, который блокирует артерию не полностью. Такой тромб может ли-зироваться (растворяться) или увеличиваться и вызывать полную окклюзию артерии с последующим ИМ. Отсюда название - нестабильная стенокардия. ОИМ развивается при полной окклюзии тромбом одной из коронарных артерий. Это приводит к некрозу (клеточной смерти) определенной области миокарда, которая снабжалась кровью, приносимой пораженной артерией. ИМ иногда называют также сердечным приступом.