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ЗАДАЧА №8

50-летняя больная за последнее время стала отмечать отечность нижних конечностей, лица, "слабость в ногах", боли и скованность мышц, болезненные мышечные судороги. Анамнез без особенностей. В юношеском возрасте врачи говорили о заболевании щитовидной железы и назначали препараты йода.

Об-но: состояние средней тяжести, сухость и бледность кожи с желтушным оттенком. Внешний вид лица (рис.1). ЧД 18/мин. Дыхание везикулярное, без хрипов. ЧСС 64/мин. АД 130/70 мм.рт.ст. Тоны сердца ритмичные. Увеличение языка, отечность его. Живот без особенностей. Пальпация толстого кишечника безболезненная. Стул - наклонность к запорам.

Ан. крови: Нв. 100 г/л. Л - 8 х 109/л. Формула без особенностей. СОЭ -25 мм/час. Общий белок 65 г/л., холестерин 10 ммоль/л., билирубин - 25 ммоль/л., глюкоза - 4,5 ммоль/л. , мочевина - 12 ммоль/л., креатинин - 0,16 ммоль/л., Скорость клубочковой фильтрации 40 мл/мин. АСТ-120 Ед/л., АЛТ- 80 Ед/л., ЛДГ - 600 Ед/л., КФК 6000 Ед. Ан. Мочи: отн. плотность 1018. Белок - 0,66 %о, Л - 3-5 в п/зр.

ЭКГ - синусовая брадикардия. ЭХОКГ - умеренное количество жидкости в полости перикарда. Эзофагогастроскопия - атрофический гастрит.

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Рис. 1. Внешний вид больной

Какое суждение наиболее правильно?
А. Гипотиреоз
Б. Узелковый артериит
В. Хронический гепатит
Г. Фуникулярный миелоз на фоне В12 -дефицитной анемии
Д. Полимиозит
При осмотре больной обращает внимание сосудистый рисунок на коже щек, отечность лица (рис.1) и голеней. Наличие отеков лица и конечностей при отсутствии данных за наличие сердечной недостаточности и нефротического синдрома позволяют предполагать гипотиреоз (ГП). Другими клиническими проявлениями ГП у больной могут быть наклонность к запорам, сухость кожи, наличие гидроперикарда (по данным ЭХОКГ). Среди лабораторных показателей в пользу ГП могут свидетельствовать нормохромная анемия, гиперхолестеринемия - хорошо известные признаки ГП. У данной пациентки обращает на себя внимание высокая активность АСТ, АЛТ, ЛДГ и, особенно, КФК. Высокий уровень КФК может наблюдаться при инфаркте миокарда, полимиозите, синдроме длительного (позиционного) сдавления, инсультах, у послеоперационных больных, а также при т.н. тиреоидных миопатиях. Клиническими проявлениями гипотиреоидной миопатии являются мышечная слабость, боли и скованность мышц, увеличение объема и плотности мышц. Характерным для ГП является синдром Хоффмана, включающий гипертрофию проксимальных мышц; мышечную слабость, болезненные мышечные спазмы; скованность мышц после физической нагрузки; замедленное расслабление мышц после физической нагрузки; брадикардию. Повышение активности АСТ, АЛТ также связано с гипотиреоидной миопатией, а не с поражением печени. К тому же, желтушность кожи (преимущественно ладоней) обусловлена не повышением уровня билирубина, а гиперкаротинемией (нарушение превращения бета-каротина в витамин А). Поздними проявлениями ГП могут быть нарушение функции почек, когнитивные нарушения, выпадение волос, отечность лица, рук и стоп. Снижение клубочковой фильтрации у больной при наличии протеинурии является следствием характерной для ГП нефропатии или могут быть проявлением хронического пиелонефрита, к развитию которого предрасположены больные ГП. У 95% больных наблюдаются первичный ГП, в 5% случаев - остальные этиологические формы ГП. О принадлежности ГП к той или иной этиологической группе можно судить на основании анамнеза и гормональных маркеров нарушений функции щитовидной железы.

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