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Part 1. General Microbiology, Immunology

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Medical Microbiology, Virology and Immunology. Lecture Notes

Table of contents

Part 1. General Microbiology, Immunology -

Unit 1. General Microbiology

Lecture 1. Subject and aims of medical microbiology. Morphology and taxonomy of microorganisms. Microscopic research method

Question 1. The subject of medical microbiology and its importance in practical health care. The history of microbiology

Question 2. Taxonomy, system and nomenclature of microorganisms

Question 3. Microbiology research methods

Question 4. Simple and complex staining techniques. The mechanism of smear staining. Staining properties of microorganisms

Question 5. Light microscope, its main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy

Question 6. Morphology of bacteria

Question 7. Structure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detection

Question 8. Shell of bacteria: cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detection

Question 9. Flagella, fimbria (pili). Structure, functions and methods of detection

Question 10. Bacterial spores. Its role and structural features. Spore formation and methods of detection

Lecture 2. Physiology of microorganisms. Metabolism. Nutrition and respiration of bacteria. Cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

Question 1. Anabolism and catabolism

Question 2. Mechanisms of nutrients transmission in the bacterial cell

Question 3. Autotrophs and heterotrophs, auxotrophs and prototrophs

Question 4. Classification of culture (nutrient) media

Question 5. Simple and complex nutrient medium

Question 6. Method for isolation of the pure culture

Question 7. Growth phases of bacteria on culture medium

Question 8. Mechanism of bacterial respiration. Aerobes and anaerobes

Question 9. Methods of cultivation of anaerobic bacteria: culture media, equipment

Question 10. The main groups of bacteria enzymes

Question 11. Enzymes in the identification of bacteria. Carbohydrate-splitting enzymes. Proteolytic enzymes

Question 12. Peptolytic enzymes

Question 13. Bacterial enzymes of pathogenicity

Question 14. Isolation of pure culture of aerobes

Question 15. Isolation of pure culture of anaerobes

Lecture 3. Viruses. bacteriophages. Genetics of microorganisms. Biotechnology in microbiology. Molecular-genetic methods of diagnosis

Question 1. Classification of viruses. Virus and virion

Question 2. Morphology of viruses. the functions of RNA and DNA

Question 3. Chemical composition of nucleoprotein. Enzymes

Question 4. Cultivation of viruses

Question 5. Interaction of viruses with the host cell. The mechanism of transcription and replication of the viral genome

Question 6. The mechanism of DNA and RNA viral integration into the cellular genome

Question 7. Ways of the transmission of viral infections

Question 8. Phage composition and structure

Question 9. The mechanism of interaction between phages and the bacterial cell

Question 10. Virulent and temperate phages. Lysogenesis

Question 11. Prions. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of prion diseases

Question 12. Genotype and phenotype of bacteria

Question 13. Extrachromosomal genetic elements (factors) in bacteria — plasmids, transposons, insertion sequence; its role

Question 14. Forms of variability in microorganisms

Question 15. Mutations, kinds of mutations in bacteria

Question 16. Genetic recombination in bacteria (transformation, transduction, conjugation)

Question 17. The theoretical and practical importance of genetics: molecular-biological methods of diagnosis. The practical using of genetic engineering

Lecture 4. Infection: the role of microorganisms in infectious process. Microbiological basics of antimicrobial therapy (antibiotics)

Question 1. The notion of infection and infectious disease. The clinical forms of infection

Question 2. Exogenous and endogenous infections. The term «entrance gate» and «infective dose»

Question 3. Sources, routes, and mechanisms of infections transmission

Question 4. Local and generalized infectious process. Dissemination of microorganisms within the body. bacteremia, viremia, toxaemia, sepsis, pyemia

Question 5. Classification of infections

Question 6. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Periods of infection

Question 7. The pathogenicity and virulence of microorganisms, evaluation of virulence

Question 8. Virulence factors: adherence, invasiveness, toxin production, aggresiveness

Question 9. Toxigenicity. Exotoxins and endotoxins

Question 10. Exotoxins. Classification of action mechanism

Question 11. Endotoxins. The chemical compound, action on the macroorganism

Question 12. The notion of antibiotics, its discovery

Question 13. Classification of antibiotics

Question 14. The mechanism of action of antibiotics on microbial cells

Question 15. Methods of determination of the bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. Activity of antibiotics

Question 16. The mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and how to deal with it

Question 17. Side effects of antibiotics

Lecture 5. Ecology of microorganisms. human microflora. Dysbiosis. Sanitary microbiology. Microflora of water, soil and air

Question 1. Ecology of microorganisms. Forms of interspecies relationships

Question 2. Role, value, and tasks of sanitary microbiology. Indicator microorganisms

Question 3. Microflora of water. Methods of microbiological research of water. Indicator microorganisms of water

Question 4. Microflora of soil. Methods of microbiological research of soil. Indicator microorganisms of soil

Question 5. Microflora of air. Methods of microbiological research of air. Indicator microorganisms of air

Question 6. The normal microflora of the human body and its significance

Question 7. Factors that change the normal microflora of the organism. Dysbacteriosis, ways of its treatment

Test for unit 1

Unit 2. Immunology

Lecture 1. Immunology as a science. Introduction in immunology

Question 1. Immunology, its definition

Question 2. The history of immunology, the main periods in the development of immunology

Question 3. Sections of modern immunology. The concept of immunity. Classification of immunity

Question 4. Structure of the immune system. The primary (central) organs of the immune system

Question 5. The secondary organs of the immune system

Question 6. The role of blood cells in immunity

Question 7. The primary cell populations of the immune system

Question 8. Scheme of the immune response

Lecture 2. Innate immunity. Factors and mechanisms of the innate immunity. The concept of a non-specific (innate) immunity. The main barriers of nonspecific immunity

Question 1. The concept of a non-specific (innate) immunity. The main barriers of nonspecific immunity

Question 2. The innate immune factors — skin and mucous membranes

Question 3. Lysozyme — chemical composition and function. Normal microflora in human immunity

Question 4. Complement — chemical composition and functions

Question 5. The activation of the complement system

Question 6. Phagocytosis, mononuclear phagocyte system

Question 7. The functions of phagocytes. Opsonins

Question 8. Phagocytosis mechanism stage. «Oxygen explosion». Complete and incomplete phagocytosis

Question 9. Cytokines — definition, properties. The therapeutic use of cytokines

Question 10. Classification of cytokines

Question 11. Cytokines: interleukins, interferons

Question 12. Cytokines: tumour necrosis factor, colony-stimulating factors, transforming growth factor-β

Question 13. Protective serum proteins

Lecture 3. Antigens. Antibodies

Question 1. Antigens: definition, chemical composition

Question 2. The structure of the antigen

Question 3. Properties of antigens: antigenicity, immunogenicity, specificity, foreignness

Question 4. Classification antigens on its origin, the degree of immunogenicity

Question 5. Classification of antigens by the immune response. Haptens. Adjuvants

Question 6. The antigens of the human body

Question 7. The antigens of bacteria, viruses. autoantigens

Question 8. Antibodies: definition, structure

Question 9. Immunoglobulin classes. serum immunoglobulins

Question 10. The properties of antibodies

Question 11. Phases of antibody production

Question 12. Protective functions of antibodies

Lecture 4. Hypersensitivity. Immunological memory. Immunological tolerance

Question 1. Hypersensitivity, its definition. The definition of allergy. Stages of an allergic reaction

Question 2. Classification of allergies

Question 3. Type I of immediate-type hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis (mechanism of development, manifestations of anaphylaxis, its treatment). Anaphylactic shock

Question 4. Type II of immediate hypersensitivity (cytotoxic): mechanisms of development, clinical manifestations

Question 5. III type of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (immune complex), mechanisms of development, clinical manifestations

Question 6. Delayed type of hypersensitivity: mechanism of development, manifestations of contact allergy

Question 7. Classification of allergens. infectious allergy

Question 8. Drug allergies: the immune response to the drug (haptens), clinical manifestations of drug allergy

Question 9. Laboratory diagnosis of allergies

Question 10. Immunological memory: concept, mechanisms

Question 11. Immunological tolerance: concept, causes, mechanisms

Lecture 5. Pathology of the immune system

Question 1. The definition of immunodeficiency, the classification of immunodeficiencies

Question 2. Primary immunodeficiencies: characteristics, classification

Question 3. Primary immunodeficiencies: T-cell deficiencies

Question 4. Primary immunodeficiencies: combined B-cell and T-cell deficiencies

Question 5. Primary immunodeficiencies: disorders of the complement system (complement deficiencies)

Question 6. Primary immunodeficiencies: phagocyte deficiencies

Question 7. Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency: causes, characteristics, classification

Question 8. Clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency states

Lecture 6. Evaluation of the immune status

Question 1. Laboratory diagnosis of immunodeficiencies in children and adults: methods, assessment criteria, interpretation

Question 2. Methods of assessing the immune status

Question 3. The levels of evaluation of the immune status

Question 4. First-stage tests (tentative)

Question 5. The second-stage tests (analytical) in the evaluation of the immune status

Question 6. General rules of immunogram evaluation

Lecture 7. Serological tests: agglutination, precipitation test, complement fixation test, tests using labeled antibodies and antigens (ELISA, IFT, RIA)

Question 1. Serological tests: definition, classification and practical use

Question 2. Agglutination test: definition, mechanism, classification and practical use

Question 3. Direct agglutination tests: mechanism and practical use

Question 4. Indirect (passive) agglutination tests: mechanism and practical use

Question 5. Precipitation reaction: identification, mechanism, types, practical use

Question 6. Complement fixation test (CFT): the purpose of its carrying out, components, mechanisms

Question 7. Labelling methods for detection antigen-antibody binding

Question 8. Immunofluorescent test

Question 9. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Question 10. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Question 11. Western blotting (immunoblotting)

Lecture 8. Specific prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Therapeutic, prophylactic, and diagnostic immunological preparations

Question 1. Immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy: definitions

Question 2. The history of immunisation

Question 3. Vaccines — classification, characteristics

Question 4. Complications after vaccines, contraindications to immunisation. scheme of vaccine use

Question 5. The immunological antibody-based drugs. Classification. Characteristic (passive immunisation)

Question 6. Rules of vaccines and serums injection. Routes of vaccine injection

Lecture 9. Antiviral and antibacterial immunity. immunity in transplantation, cancer and immunity in mycoses. Immunity and age

Question 1. Features of local immunity — skin and mucous membranes

Question 2. Antibacterial and antitoxic immunity. Factors of antibacterial immunity

Question 3. Antiviral immunity

Question 4. Antifungal immunity

Question 5. Immunity in protozoa and parasitic infections

Question 6. Immunity in transplantation

Question 7. Antitumor immunity

Question 8. Immunity in pregnancy

Question 9. Age features of immunity

Test for unit 2

Раrt 2. Special Microbiology, Mycology and Virology +

Key answers for Test

List of literature