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Part 1. General Microbiology, Immunology

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Medical Microbiology, Virology and Immunology. Lecture Notes

Preface

Part 1. General Microbiology, Immunology -

Unit 1. General Microbiology

Lecture 1. Subject and aims of medical microbiology. Morphology and taxonomy of microorganisms. Microscopic research method

Question 1. The subject of medical microbiology and its importance in practical health care. The history of microbiology

Question 2. Taxonomy, system and nomenclature of microorganisms

Question 3. Microbiology research methods

Question 4. Simple and complex staining techniques. The mechanism of smear staining. Staining properties of microorganisms

Question 5. Light microscope, its main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy

Question 6. Morphology of bacteria

Question 7. Structure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detection

Question 8. Shell of bacteria: cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detection

Question 9. Flagella, fimbria (pili). Structure, functions and methods of detection

Question 10. Bacterial spores. Its role and structural features. Spore formation and methods of detection

Lecture 2. Physiology of microorganisms. Metabolism. Nutrition and respiration of bacteria. Cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

Question 1. Anabolism and catabolism

Question 2. Mechanisms of nutrients transmission in the bacterial cell

Question 3. Autotrophs and heterotrophs, auxotrophs and prototrophs

Question 4. Classification of culture (nutrient) media

Question 5. Simple and complex nutrient medium

Question 6. Method for isolation of the pure culture

Question 7. Growth phases of bacteria on culture medium

Question 8. Mechanism of bacterial respiration. Aerobes and anaerobes

Question 9. Methods of cultivation of anaerobic bacteria: culture media, equipment

Question 10. The main groups of bacteria enzymes

Question 11. Enzymes in the identification of bacteria. Carbohydrate-splitting enzymes. Proteolytic enzymes

Question 12. Peptolytic enzymes

Question 13. Bacterial enzymes of pathogenicity

Question 14. Isolation of pure culture of aerobes

Question 15. Isolation of pure culture of anaerobes

Lecture 3. Viruses. bacteriophages. Genetics of microorganisms. Biotechnology in microbiology. Molecular-genetic methods of diagnosis

Question 1. Classification of viruses. Virus and virion

Question 2. Morphology of viruses. the functions of RNA and DNA

Question 3. Chemical composition of nucleoprotein. Enzymes

Question 4. Cultivation of viruses

Question 5. Interaction of viruses with the host cell. The mechanism of transcription and replication of the viral genome

Question 6. The mechanism of DNA and RNA viral integration into the cellular genome

Question 7. Ways of the transmission of viral infections

Question 8. Phage composition and structure

Question 9. The mechanism of interaction between phages and the bacterial cell

Question 10. Virulent and temperate phages. Lysogenesis

Question 11. Prions. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of prion diseases

Question 12. Genotype and phenotype of bacteria

Question 13. Extrachromosomal genetic elements (factors) in bacteria — plasmids, transposons, insertion sequence; its role

Question 14. Forms of variability in microorganisms

Question 15. Mutations, kinds of mutations in bacteria

Question 16. Genetic recombination in bacteria (transformation, transduction, conjugation)

Question 17. The theoretical and practical importance of genetics: molecular-biological methods of diagnosis. The practical using of genetic engineering

Lecture 4. Infection: the role of microorganisms in infectious process. Microbiological basics of antimicrobial therapy (antibiotics)

Question 1. The notion of infection and infectious disease. The clinical forms of infection

Question 2. Exogenous and endogenous infections. The term «entrance gate» and «infective dose»

Question 3. Sources, routes, and mechanisms of infections transmission

Question 4. Local and generalized infectious process. Dissemination of microorganisms within the body. bacteremia, viremia, toxaemia, sepsis, pyemia

Question 5. Classification of infections

Question 6. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Periods of infection

Question 7. The pathogenicity and virulence of microorganisms, evaluation of virulence

Question 8. Virulence factors: adherence, invasiveness, toxin production, aggresiveness

Question 9. Toxigenicity. Exotoxins and endotoxins

Question 10. Exotoxins. Classification of action mechanism

Question 11. Endotoxins. The chemical compound, action on the macroorganism

Question 12. The notion of antibiotics, its discovery

Question 13. Classification of antibiotics

Question 14. The mechanism of action of antibiotics on microbial cells

Question 15. Methods of determination of the bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. Activity of antibiotics

Question 16. The mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and how to deal with it

Question 17. Side effects of antibiotics

Lecture 5. Ecology of microorganisms. human microflora. Dysbiosis. Sanitary microbiology. Microflora of water, soil and air

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Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких

Синдром апноэ сна и синдром гиповентиляции при ожирении

Саркоидоз

Легочное сердце при интерстициальной болезни легких, включая легочный фиброз

Заключение

Список литературы

Глава 77. Расстройства дыхания во сне и патология сердца

Введение

Что понимают под расстойством дыхания во сне?

Как диагностировать расстройства дыхания во сне?

Факторы риска расстройств дыхания во сне

Возраст