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    TCont-ISBN9785970455289-0001ont-ISBN9785970455289-0001t-ISBN9785970455289-0001hrefrefacefaces="bTCont-row-docnt-row-doc-row-dococt-ISBN9785970455289-0002ISBN9785970455289-0002BN9785970455289-0002785970455289-00025970455289-000270455289-0002ttps://prior.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002.htmlps://prior.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002.html://prior.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002.html/prior.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002.htmlr.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002.htmlstudentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002.htmludentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002.htmlCont-row-doc-a bTCont-current_docnt-row-doc-a bTCont-current_doc-row-doc-a bTCont-current_dococ-a bTCont-current_doc-a bTCont-current_doc bTCont-current_dococmmunologyunologyologyogyy
    Question 2. Taxonomy, system and nomenclature of microorganismsepth4th44">Question 5. Light microscope, its main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopyestion 5. Light microscope, its main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopype, its main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, its main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopyits main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopys main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopymain characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopyin characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopyaracteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopyacteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopyteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopyn microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopymicroscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopycroscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopypy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopyrinciples. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopyQuestion 7. Structure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detectionestion 7. Structure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detectiontion 7. Structure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detectionon 7. Structure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detection Structure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detectiontructure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detectionucture of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detectionnctions and methods of detectiontions and methods of detectionons and methods of detectiond methods of detectionmethods of detectionthods of detectionivefttps://prior.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.htmlps://prior.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.html://prior.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.htmlrior.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.htmlor.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.html.studentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.htmldentlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.htmlntlibrary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.htmlary.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.htmly.ru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.htmlru/en/doc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0009.html289-0002/0009.html9-0002/0009.html0002/0009.html02/0009.html/0009.html009.htmltmll"ria: cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detectiona: cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detection cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detectionlasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detectionsmic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detectionic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detectionule. Structure, functions and methods of detectione. Structure, functions and methods of detection Structure, functions and methods of detectionoc/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0010.html/ISBN9785970455289-0002/0010.htmlSBN9785970455289-0002/0010.htmlN9785970455289-0002/0010.html785970455289-0002/0010.html5970455289-0002/0010.html70455289-0002/0010.html5289-0002/0010.html89-0002/0010.html-0002/0010.html002/0010.html0010.html10.html.htmll"asss=epth-a4th-a4-a44"/a>
    Question 9. Flagella, fimbria (pili). Structure, functions and methods of detection
    Question 10. Bacterial spores. Its role and structural features. Spore formation and methods of detection
    Lecture 2. Physiology of microorganisms. Metabolism. Nutrition and respiration of bacteria. Cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
    Question 1. Anabolism and catabolism
    Question 2. Mechanisms of nutrients transmission in the bacterial cell
    Question 3. Autotrophs and heterotrophs, auxotrophs and prototrophs
    Question 4. Classification of culture (nutrient) media
    Question 5. Simple and complex nutrient medium
    Question 6. Method for isolation of the pure culture
    Question 7. Growth phases of bacteria on culture medium
    Question 8. Mechanism of bacterial respiration. Aerobes and anaerobes
    Question 9. Methods of cultivation of anaerobic bacteria: culture media, equipment
    Question 10. The main groups of bacteria enzymes
    Question 11. Enzymes in the identification of bacteria. Carbohydrate-splitting enzymes. Proteolytic enzymes
    Question 12. Peptolytic enzymes
    Question 13. Bacterial enzymes of pathogenicity
    Question 14. Isolation of pure culture of aerobes
    Question 15. Isolation of pure culture of anaerobes
    Lecture 3. Viruses. bacteriophages. Genetics of microorganisms. Biotechnology in microbiology. Molecular-genetic methods of diagnosis
    Question 1. Classification of viruses. Virus and virion
    Question 2. Morphology of viruses. the functions of RNA and DNA
    Question 3. Chemical composition of nucleoprotein. Enzymes
    Question 4. Cultivation of viruses
    Question 5. Interaction of viruses with the host cell. The mechanism of transcription and replication of the viral genome
    Question 6. The mechanism of DNA and RNA viral integration into the cellular genome
    Question 7. Ways of the transmission of viral infections
    Question 8. Phage composition and structure
    Question 9. The mechanism of interaction between phages and the bacterial cell
    Question 10. Virulent and temperate phages. Lysogenesis
    Question 11. Prions. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of prion diseases
    Question 12. Genotype and phenotype of bacteria
    Question 13. Extrachromosomal genetic elements (factors) in bacteria — plasmids, transposons, insertion sequence; its role
    Question 14. Forms of variability in microorganisms
    Question 15. Mutations, kinds of mutations in bacteria
    Question 16. Genetic recombination in bacteria (transformation, transduction, conjugation)
    Question 17. The theoretical and practical importance of genetics: molecular-biological methods of diagnosis. The practical using of genetic engineering
    Lecture 4. Infection: the role of microorganisms in infectious process. Microbiological basics of antimicrobial therapy (antibiotics)
    Question 1. The notion of infection and infectious disease. The clinical forms of infection
    Question 2. Exogenous and endogenous infections. The term «entrance gate» and «infective dose»
    Question 3. Sources, routes, and mechanisms of infections transmission
    Question 4. Local and generalized infectious process. Dissemination of microorganisms within the body. bacteremia, viremia, toxaemia, sepsis, pyemia
    Question 5. Classification of infections
    Question 6. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Periods of infection
    Question 7. The pathogenicity and virulence of microorganisms, evaluation of virulence
    Question 8. Virulence factors: adherence, invasiveness, toxin production, aggresiveness
    Question 9. Toxigenicity. Exotoxins and endotoxins
    Question 10. Exotoxins. Classification of action mechanism
    Question 11. Endotoxins. The chemical compound, action on the macroorganism
    Question 12. The notion of antibiotics, its discovery
    Question 13. Classification of antibiotics
    Question 14. The mechanism of action of antibiotics on microbial cells
    Question 15. Methods of determination of the bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. Activity of antibiotics
    Question 16. The mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and how to deal with it
    Question 17. Side effects of antibiotics
    Lecture 5. Ecology of microorganisms. human microflora. Dysbiosis. Sanitary microbiology. Microflora of water, soil and air
    Question 1. Ecology of microorganisms. Forms of interspecies relationships
    Question 2. Role, value, and tasks of sanitary microbiology. Indicator microorganisms
    Question 3. Microflora of water. Methods of microbiological research of water. Indicator microorganisms of water
    Question 4. Microflora of soil. Methods of microbiological research of soil. Indicator microorganisms of soil
    Question 5. Microflora of air. Methods of microbiological research of air. Indicator microorganisms of air
    Question 6. The normal microflora of the human body and its significance
    Question 7. Factors that change the normal microflora of the organism. Dysbacteriosis, ways of its treatment
    Test for unit 1
    Unit 2. Immunology
    Lecture 1. Immunology as a science. Introduction in immunology
    Question 1. Immunology, its definition
    Question 2. The history of immunology, the main periods in the development of immunology
    Question 3. Sections of modern immunology. The concept of immunity. Classification of immunity
    Question 4. Structure of the immune system. The primary (central) organs of the immune system
    Question 5. The secondary organs of the immune system
    Question 6. The role of blood cells in immunity
    Question 7. The primary cell populations of the immune system
    Question 8. Scheme of the immune response
    Lecture 2. Innate immunity. Factors and mechanisms of the innate immunity. The concept of a non-specific (innate) immunity. The main barriers of nonspecific immunity
    Question 1. The concept of a non-specific (innate) immunity. The main barriers of nonspecific immunity
    Question 2. The innate immune factors — skin and mucous membranes
    Question 3. Lysozyme — chemical composition and function. Normal microflora in human immunity
    Question 4. Complement — chemical composition and functions
    Question 5. The activation of the complement system
    Question 6. Phagocytosis, mononuclear phagocyte system
    Question 7. The functions of phagocytes. Opsonins
    Question 8. Phagocytosis mechanism stage. «Oxygen explosion». Complete and incomplete phagocytosis
    Question 9. Cytokines — definition, properties. The therapeutic use of cytokines
    Question 10. Classification of cytokines
    Question 11. Cytokines: interleukins, interferons
    Question 12. Cytokines: tumour necrosis factor, colony-stimulating factors, transforming growth factor-β
    Question 13. Protective serum proteins
    Lecture 3. Antigens. Antibodies
    Question 1. Antigens: definition, chemical composition
    Question 2. The structure of the antigen
    Question 3. Properties of antigens: antigenicity, immunogenicity, specificity, foreignness
    Question 4. Classification antigens on its origin, the degree of immunogenicity
    Question 5. Classification of antigens by the immune response. Haptens. Adjuvants
    Question 6. The antigens of the human body
    Question 7. The antigens of bacteria, viruses. autoantigens
    Question 8. Antibodies: definition, structure
    Question 9. Immunoglobulin classes. serum immunoglobulins
    Question 10. The properties of antibodies
    Question 11. Phases of antibody production
    Question 12. Protective functions of antibodies
    Lecture 4. Hypersensitivity. Immunological memory. Immunological tolerance
    Question 1. Hypersensitivity, its definition. The definition of allergy. Stages of an allergic reaction
    Question 2. Classification of allergies
    Question 3. Type I of immediate-type hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis (mechanism of development, manifestations of anaphylaxis, its treatment). Anaphylactic shock
    Question 4. Type II of immediate hypersensitivity (cytotoxic): mechanisms of development, clinical manifestations
    Question 5. III type of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (immune complex), mechanisms of development, clinical manifestations
    Question 6. Delayed type of hypersensitivity: mechanism of development, manifestations of contact allergy
    Question 7. Classification of allergens. infectious allergy
    Question 8. Drug allergies: the immune response to the drug (haptens), clinical manifestations of drug allergy
    Question 9. Laboratory diagnosis of allergies
    Question 10. Immunological memory: concept, mechanisms
    Question 11. Immunological tolerance: concept, causes, mechanisms
    Lecture 5. Pathology of the immune system
    Question 1. The definition of immunodeficiency, the classification of immunodeficiencies
    Question 2. Primary immunodeficiencies: characteristics, classification
    Question 3. Primary immunodeficiencies: T-cell deficiencies
    Question 4. Primary immunodeficiencies: combined B-cell and T-cell deficiencies
    Question 5. Primary immunodeficiencies: disorders of the complement system (complement deficiencies)
    Question 6. Primary immunodeficiencies: phagocyte deficiencies
    Question 7. Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency: causes, characteristics, classification
    Question 8. Clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency states
    Lecture 6. Evaluation of the immune status
    Question 1. Laboratory diagnosis of immunodeficiencies in children and adults: methods, assessment criteria, interpretation
    Question 2. Methods of assessing the immune status
    Question 3. The levels of evaluation of the immune status
    Question 4. First-stage tests (tentative)
    Question 5. The second-stage tests (analytical) in the evaluation of the immune status
    Question 6. General rules of immunogram evaluation
    Lecture 7. Serological tests: agglutination, precipitation test, complement fixation test, tests using labeled antibodies and antigens (ELISA, IFT, RIA)
    Question 1. Serological tests: definition, classification and practical use
    Question 2. Agglutination test: definition, mechanism, classification and practical use
    Question 3. Direct agglutination tests: mechanism and practical use
    Question 4. Indirect (passive) agglutination tests: mechanism and practical use
    Question 5. Precipitation reaction: identification, mechanism, types, practical use
    Question 6. Complement fixation test (CFT): the purpose of its carrying out, components, mechanisms
    Question 7. Labelling methods for detection antigen-antibody binding
    Question 8. Immunofluorescent test
    Question 9. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    Question 10. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
    Question 11. Western blotting (immunoblotting)
    Lecture 8. Specific prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Therapeutic, prophylactic, and diagnostic immunological preparations
    Question 1. Immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy: definitions
    Question 2. The history of immunisation
    Question 3. Vaccines — classification, characteristics
    Question 4. Complications after vaccines, contraindications to immunisation. scheme of vaccine use
    Question 5. The immunological antibody-based drugs. Classification. Characteristic (passive immunisation)
    Question 6. Rules of vaccines and serums injection. Routes of vaccine injection
    Lecture 9. Antiviral and antibacterial immunity. immunity in transplantation, cancer and immunity in mycoses. Immunity and age
    Question 1. Features of local immunity — skin and mucous membranes
    Question 2. Antibacterial and antitoxic immunity. Factors of antibacterial immunity
    Question 3. Antiviral immunity
    Question 4. Antifungal immunity
    Question 5. Immunity in protozoa and parasitic infections
    Question 6. Immunity in transplantation
    Question 7. Antitumor immunity
    Question 8. Immunity in pregnancy
    Question 9. Age features of immunity
    Test for unit 2
    Раздел 2 / 5
    Страница 119 / 171

    Part 1. General Microbiology, Immunology

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