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Medical Microbiology, Virology and Immunology. Lecture Notes
Оборот титула
Оглавление
Preface
Part 1. General Microbiology, Immunology
-
Unit 1. General Microbiology
Lecture 1. Subject and aims of medical microbiology. Morphology and taxonomy of microorganisms. Microscopic research method
Question 1. The subject of medical microbiology and its importance in practical health care. The history of microbiology
Question 2. Taxonomy, system and nomenclature of microorganisms
Question 3. Microbiology research methods
Question 4. Simple and complex staining techniques. The mechanism of smear staining. Staining properties of microorganisms
Question 5. Light microscope, its main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy
Question 6. Morphology of bacteria
Question 7. Structure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detection
Question 8. Shell of bacteria: cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detection
Question 9. Flagella, fimbria (pili). Structure, functions and methods of detection
Question 10. Bacterial spores. Its role and structural features. Spore formation and methods of detection
Lecture 2. Physiology of microorganisms. Metabolism. Nutrition and respiration of bacteria. Cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
Question 1. Anabolism and catabolism
Question 2. Mechanisms of nutrients transmission in the bacterial cell
Question 3. Autotrophs and heterotrophs, auxotrophs and prototrophs
Question 4. Classification of culture (nutrient) media
Question 5. Simple and complex nutrient medium
Question 6. Method for isolation of the pure culture
Question 7. Growth phases of bacteria on culture medium
Question 8. Mechanism of bacterial respiration. Aerobes and anaerobes
Question 9. Methods of cultivation of anaerobic bacteria: culture media, equipment
Question 10. The main groups of bacteria enzymes
Question 11. Enzymes in the identification of bacteria. Carbohydrate-splitting enzymes. Proteolytic enzymes
Question 12. Peptolytic enzymes
Question 13. Bacterial enzymes of pathogenicity
Question 14. Isolation of pure culture of aerobes
Question 15. Isolation of pure culture of anaerobes
Lecture 3. Viruses. bacteriophages. Genetics of microorganisms. Biotechnology in microbiology. Molecular-genetic methods of diagnosis
Question 1. Classification of viruses. Virus and virion
Question 2. Morphology of viruses. the functions of RNA and DNA
Question 3. Chemical composition of nucleoprotein. Enzymes
Question 4. Cultivation of viruses
Question 5. Interaction of viruses with the host cell. The mechanism of transcription and replication of the viral genome
Question 6. The mechanism of DNA and RNA viral integration into the cellular genome
Question 7. Ways of the transmission of viral infections
Question 8. Phage composition and structure
Question 9. The mechanism of interaction between phages and the bacterial cell
Question 10. Virulent and temperate phages. Lysogenesis
Question 11. Prions. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of prion diseases
Question 12. Genotype and phenotype of bacteria
Question 13. Extrachromosomal genetic elements (factors) in bacteria — plasmids, transposons, insertion sequence; its role
Question 14. Forms of variability in microorganisms
Question 15. Mutations, kinds of mutations in bacteria
Question 16. Genetic recombination in bacteria (transformation, transduction, conjugation)
Question 17. The theoretical and practical importance of genetics: molecular-biological methods of diagnosis. The practical using of genetic engineering
Lecture 4. Infection: the role of microorganisms in infectious process. Microbiological basics of antimicrobial therapy (antibiotics)
Question 1. The notion of infection and infectious disease. The clinical forms of infection
Question 2. Exogenous and endogenous infections. The term «entrance gate» and «infective dose»
Question 3. Sources, routes, and mechanisms of infections transmission
Question 4. Local and generalized infectious process. Dissemination of microorganisms within the body. bacteremia, viremia, toxaemia, sepsis, pyemia
Question 5. Classification of infections
Question 6. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Periods of infection
Question 7. The pathogenicity and virulence of microorganisms, evaluation of virulence
Question 8. Virulence factors: adherence, invasiveness, toxin production, aggresiveness
Question 9. Toxigenicity. Exotoxins and endotoxins
Question 10. Exotoxins. Classification of action mechanism
Question 11. Endotoxins. The chemical compound, action on the macroorganism
Question 12. The notion of antibiotics, its discovery
Question 13. Classification of antibiotics
Question 14. The mechanism of action of antibiotics on microbial cells
Question 15. Methods of determination of the bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. Activity of antibiotics
Question 16. The mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and how to deal with it
Question 17. Side effects of antibiotics
Lecture 5. Ecology of microorganisms. human microflora. Dysbiosis. Sanitary microbiology. Microflora of water, soil and air
Question 1. Ecology of microorganisms. Forms of interspecies relationships
Question 2. Role, value, and tasks of sanitary microbiology. Indicator microorganisms
Question 3. Microflora of water. Methods of microbiological research of water. Indicator microorganisms of water
Question 4. Microflora of soil. Methods of microbiological research of soil. Indicator microorganisms of soil
Question 5. Microflora of air. Methods of microbiological research of air. Indicator microorganisms of air
Question 6. The normal microflora of the human body and its significance
Question 7. Factors that change the normal microflora of the organism. Dysbacteriosis, ways of its treatment
Test for unit 1
Unit 2. Immunology
Lecture 1. Immunology as a science. Introduction in immunology
Question 1. Immunology, its definition
Question 2. The history of immunology, the main periods in the development of immunology
Question 3. Sections of modern immunology. The concept of immunity. Classification of immunity
Question 4. Structure of the immune system. The primary (central) organs of the immune system
Question 5. The secondary organs of the immune system
Question 6. The role of blood cells in immunity
Question 7. The primary cell populations of the immune system
Question 8. Scheme of the immune response
Lecture 2. Innate immunity. Factors and mechanisms of the innate immunity. The concept of a non-specific (innate) immunity. The main barriers of nonspecific immunity
Question 1. The concept of a non-specific (innate) immunity. The main barriers of nonspecific immunity
Question 2. The innate immune factors — skin and mucous membranes
Question 3. Lysozyme — chemical composition and function. Normal microflora in human immunity
Question 4. Complement — chemical composition and functions
Question 5. The activation of the complement system
Question 6. Phagocytosis, mononuclear phagocyte system
Question 7. The functions of phagocytes. Opsonins
Question 8. Phagocytosis mechanism stage. «Oxygen explosion». Complete and incomplete phagocytosis
Question 9. Cytokines — definition, properties. The therapeutic use of cytokines
Question 10. Classification of cytokines
Question 11. Cytokines: interleukins, interferons
Question 12. Cytokines: tumour necrosis factor, colony-stimulating factors, transforming growth factor-β
Question 13. Protective serum proteins
Lecture 3. Antigens. Antibodies
Question 1. Antigens: definition, chemical composition
Question 2. The structure of the antigen
Question 3. Properties of antigens: antigenicity, immunogenicity, specificity, foreignness
Question 4. Classification antigens on its origin, the degree of immunogenicity
Question 5. Classification of antigens by the immune response. Haptens. Adjuvants
Question 6. The antigens of the human body
Question 7. The antigens of bacteria, viruses. autoantigens
Question 8. Antibodies: definition, structure
Question 9. Immunoglobulin classes. serum immunoglobulins
Question 10. The properties of antibodies
Question 11. Phases of antibody production
Question 12. Protective functions of antibodies
Lecture 4. Hypersensitivity. Immunological memory. Immunological tolerance
Question 1. Hypersensitivity, its definition. The definition of allergy. Stages of an allergic reaction
Question 2. Classification of allergies
Question 3. Type I of immediate-type hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis (mechanism of development, manifestations of anaphylaxis, its treatment). Anaphylactic shock
Question 4. Type II of immediate hypersensitivity (cytotoxic): mechanisms of development, clinical manifestations
Question 5. III type of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (immune complex), mechanisms of development, clinical manifestations
Question 6. Delayed type of hypersensitivity: mechanism of development, manifestations of contact allergy
Question 7. Classification of allergens. infectious allergy
Question 8. Drug allergies: the immune response to the drug (haptens), clinical manifestations of drug allergy
Question 9. Laboratory diagnosis of allergies
Question 10. Immunological memory: concept, mechanisms
Question 11. Immunological tolerance: concept, causes, mechanisms
Lecture 5. Pathology of the immune system
Question 1. The definition of immunodeficiency, the classification of immunodeficiencies
Question 2. Primary immunodeficiencies: characteristics, classification
Question 3. Primary immunodeficiencies: T-cell deficiencies
Question 4. Primary immunodeficiencies: combined B-cell and T-cell deficiencies
Question 5. Primary immunodeficiencies: disorders of the complement system (complement deficiencies)
Question 6. Primary immunodeficiencies: phagocyte deficiencies
Question 7. Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency: causes, characteristics, classification
Question 8. Clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency states
Lecture 6. Evaluation of the immune status
Question 1. Laboratory diagnosis of immunodeficiencies in children and adults: methods, assessment criteria, interpretation
Question 2. Methods of assessing the immune status
Question 3. The levels of evaluation of the immune status
Question 4. First-stage tests (tentative)
Question 5. The second-stage tests (analytical) in the evaluation of the immune status
Question 6. General rules of immunogram evaluation
Lecture 7. Serological tests: agglutination, precipitation test, complement fixation test, tests using labeled antibodies and antigens (ELISA, IFT, RIA)
Question 1. Serological tests: definition, classification and practical use
Question 2. Agglutination test: definition, mechanism, classification and practical use
Question 3. Direct agglutination tests: mechanism and practical use
Question 4. Indirect (passive) agglutination tests: mechanism and practical use
Question 5. Precipitation reaction: identification, mechanism, types, practical use
Question 6. Complement fixation test (CFT): the purpose of its carrying out, components, mechanisms
Question 7. Labelling methods for detection antigen-antibody binding
Question 8. Immunofluorescent test
Question 9. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Question 10. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Question 11. Western blotting (immunoblotting)
Lecture 8. Specific prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Therapeutic, prophylactic, and diagnostic immunological preparations
Question 1. Immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy: definitions
Question 2. The history of immunisation
Question 3. Vaccines — classification, characteristics
Question 4. Complications after vaccines, contraindications to immunisation. scheme of vaccine use
Question 5. The immunological antibody-based drugs. Classification. Characteristic (passive immunisation)
Question 6. Rules of vaccines and serums injection. Routes of vaccine injection
Lecture 9. Antiviral and antibacterial immunity. immunity in transplantation, cancer and immunity in mycoses. Immunity and age
Question 1. Features of local immunity — skin and mucous membranes
Question 2. Antibacterial and antitoxic immunity. Factors of antibacterial immunity
Question 3. Antiviral immunity
Question 4. Antifungal immunity
Question 5. Immunity in protozoa and parasitic infections
Question 6. Immunity in transplantation
Question 7. Antitumor immunity
Question 8. Immunity in pregnancy
Question 9. Age features of immunity
Test for unit 2
Раrt 2. Special Microbiology, Mycology and Virology
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Key answers for Test
List of literature
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Medical Microbiology, Virology and Immunology. Lecture Notes
Оглавление
Preface
Part 1. General Microbiology, Immunology
-
Unit 1. General Microbiology
Lecture 1. Subject and aims of medical microbiology. Morphology and taxonomy of microorganisms. Microscopic research method
Question 1. The subject of medical microbiology and its importance in practical health care. The history of microbiology
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Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of gas gangrene
Question 4. Biological properties of Clostridium tetani
Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of tetanus
Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of tetanus
Question 7. Biological properties of Clostridium botulinum
Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of botulism
Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of botulism
Lecture 6. Pathogens of spirochetosis and leptospirosis
Question 1. Biological properties of Treponema pallidum
Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of syphilis
Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of syphilis
Question 4. Biological properties of Borrelia
Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of relapsing fever and Lyme’s disease
Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of relapsing fever and Lyme’s disease
Question 7. Biological properties of Leptospira
Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of leptospirosis
Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of leptospirosis
Lecture 7. Rickettsia and Chlamydia
Question 1. Biological properties of Rickettsia
Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of louse-borne and murium typhus
Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of louse-borne and murium typhus
Question 4. Biological properties of chlamydia
Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by Chlamydia
Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Chlamydia-infections
Lecture 8. Mycoplasma. Pathogenic and opportunistic fungi
Question 1. Biological properties of Mycoplasma
Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by Mycoplasma
Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Mycoplasma-infections
Question 4. General characteristics of fungi
Question 5. Classification of fungal diseases
Question 6. Keratomycoses
Question 7. Dermatomycoses
Question 8. Subcutaneous mycoses
Question 9. Deep mycoses
Question 10. Opportunistic fungal infection-Candidasis
Question 11. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of mycoses
Lecture 9. Clinical microbiology. Aetiology and pathogenesis of nosocomial infections. The causative agents, properties and microbiological diagnostics of nosocomial infections
Question 1. Clinical microbiology, its tasks
Question 2. The causes of hospital (nosocomial) infections
Question 3. Classification of (hospital) nosocomial infections
Question 4. The main causative agents of nosocomial infections
Question 5. The sources and transmission ways of hospital infections
Question 6. Characteristics of opportunistic microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections
Question 7. The features of nosocomial infections
Question 8. Biological properties of bacteria Klebsiella
Question 9. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of disease caused by Klebsiella
Question 10. Microbiological diagnostics, treatment and prevention of Klebsiellosis
Question 11. Classification and biological properties of Proteus
Question 12. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by Proteus
Question 13. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Proteus-infections
Question 14. Biological properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Question 15. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by P. aeruginosa
Question 16. Microbiological diagnostics, treatment and special prevention of Pseudomonas-infection
Study cases
Unit 2. Virology
Lecture 1. Causative agents of viral respiratory diseases
Question 1. Morphology and structure of Influenza virus. Antigenic shift and drift
Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza
Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of influenza
Question 4. Morphology and structure of Paramyxovirus
Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of parainfluenza
Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of parainfluenza
Question 7. Morphology and structure of adenovirus
Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of adenoviruses infections
Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of adenoviral infections
Lecture 2. Causative agents of enteroviral infections and infections of the nervous system. Viral agents of hemorrhagic fevers
Question 1. The causative agent of poliomyelitis. Characteristics of virions. Antigens cultivation
Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of poliomyelitis
Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis of poliomyelitis. treatment and prophylaxis
Question 4. The causative agent of rabies. Characteristics of virions. Antigens. Cultivation
Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of rabies
Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis of rabies. treatment and prophylaxis
Question 7. Flaviviruses. Characteristics of virions. Antigens. Cultivation
Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis, dengue, Omsk hemorrhagic fever
Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis, dengue, Omsk hemorrhagic fever
Question 10. Bunyaviruses. Characteristics of virions. Antigens. Cultivation
Question 11. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever
Question 12. Microbiological diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever. Treatment. Prophylaxis
Question 13. Filoviruses. Characteristics of virions. Antigens. Cultivation
Question 14. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of African hemorrhagic fevers
Question 15. Microbiological diagnosis of African hemorrhagic fevers. Treatment. Prophylaxis
Lecture 3. Herpesviruses. Viral agents of measles, rubella, mumps. Causative agents of slow infections
Question 1. Characteristics of herpesviruses. Antigens. Cultivation
Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis infections caused by herpesviruses
Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis of infections caused by herpesviruses
Question 4. Morphology and structure of Morbillivirus and Paramyxovirus
Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of mumps and measles
Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of mumps and measles
Question 7. Morphology and structure of Rubella virus
Question 8. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of rubella
Lecture 4. Hepatitis viral pathogens. Oncogenic viruses. Causative agents of AIDS
Question 1. Characteristics of Hepatovirus (Hepatitis A). Antigens. Cultivation
Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis A
Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis of hepatitis A
Question 4. Characteristics of Orthohepadnavirus (Hepatitis B). Antigens. Cultivation
Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B
Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis of hepatitis B
Question 7. Characteristics of Hepacivirus (Hepatitis C). Antigens. Cultivation
Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis C
Question 9. Pathogenesis of HCV infection
Question 10. Microbiological diagnosis of hepatitis C
Question 11. Characteristics of Deltavirus (Hepatitis D)
Question 12. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis D
Question 13. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of hepatitis D
Question 14. Characteristics of hepatitis E virus
Question 15. Epidemiology of HEV infection
Question 16. Microbiological diagnosis of hepatitis E
Question 17. Characteristics of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
Question 18. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV-infection
Question 19. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of HIV-infection
Question 20. Oncogenic viruses
Study cases
Key answers for Test
List of literature
